The content is based on scientific literature, clinical research, biological research and extensive clinical training. In addition, a master's dissertation is written and the original data of the dissertation will be presented during an international congress. Another important part of the programme is the preclinical and clinical training. The clinical skills are developed and trained in the Permanent Training Programme. Preclinical exercises focus on the use of magnification especially microscope for non-surgical and surgical treatment, the use of endodontic technology which is not used or limitedly used in general practice for conventional or non-surgical endodontic (re)treatment , laser dentistry, and surgical endodontics. During clinical training attention is paid to diagnosis, management, and treatment of patients with a more complicated endodontic treatment need. The students will have to deal with medically compromised patients with complicated endodontic (re) treatment needs, dento-alveolar traumatology, difficult interdisciplinary cases, complicated emergency treatment, and cases demanding a fistulative, periradicular or corrective surgical approach. At the end of the 3 year programme students have to pass a final clinical exam with an external examiner, who is also involved in the training of endodontists at another university.